sovereign Wiktionary
We have significant experience representing Sovereign wealth funds around the world on strategic and opportunistic investments, investment vehicles, restructuring issues, M&A transactions, project financings, tax structuring, compliance, disputes and legislative change. For example, we represented Qatar Investment Authority in connection with the investment by its principal holding company of more than US$6 billion in ordinary shares, mandatory convertible securities and perpetual tier 1 capital notes of Credit Suisse Group AG. We have successfully assisted many sovereigns around the world with PPP. For example, we represented the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in connection with a 25-year concession granted to a private sector contractor to expand, refurbish and operate the Queen Alia International Airport in Amman. This was the first limited recourse airport financing in the region and is one of the largest infrastructure projects in the region to have been concluded on a PPP basis.
The new charters placed the government of the borough with the Sovereign and twelve chief burgesses, who are to elect all the rest and stipulated that all had to conform to the established church by taking the Oath of Supremacy. As chief officer of municipal government, the sovereign had duties and responsibilities deriving from the charter which established the local town borough or council. This usage was less common in the United Kingdom and occasionally meant a Marcher Lord. We have a long track record of helping governments maximize their returns from infrastructure and other development projects. Recent examples include representing the Abu Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority in its seventh and eighth independent water and power producer projects at the Shuweihat S2 and Qidfa sites.
States are non-physical juridical entities, and not organisations of any kind. However, ordinarily, only the government of a state can obligate or bind the state, for example by treaty. In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory, that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
The right of nations to determine their own political status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized. The activities of Potter’s Posse, many of them crimes, included refusal to pay taxes, filing property liens and committing violence against public officials. These actions, which were established by Gale’s group, have become customary in today’s sovereign citizens movement. What has changed since the movement’s inception is the white supremacist ideology that initially dominated it. Contemporary sovereign citizens hold varying racial ideologies and include a variety of people, most commonly white and African American.
For example, Somaliland is commonly considered to be such a state. For a list of entities that wish to be universally recognised as sovereign states, but do not have complete worldwide diplomatic recognition, see the list of states with limited recognition. State practice relating to the recognition of states typically falls somewhere between the declaratory and constitutive approaches. International law does not require a state to recognise other states.
They clog up the courts with indecipherable filings and, when cornered, many of them lash out, retaliating through acts of paper terrorism and, in the most extreme cases, acts of deadly violence – usually directed against government officials. In May 2010, for example, a father-son team of sovereigns murdered two police officers with an assault rifle when they were pulled over on the interstate while traveling through West Memphis, Arkansas. The candidate for this position was elected by the freemen and burgesses of the town, borough and city councils and had to be a burgess himself. The level of responsibility ranged from enacting by-laws about tolls up to the death penalty.
